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<title>Foundation (engineering)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Foundation (engineering)</span></span>

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<p>In engineering, a <b>foundation</b> is the element of a <a href="Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">structure</a> which connects it to the ground or more rarely, water (as with <a href="Floating_building" title="Floating building">floating structures</a>), transferring <a href="Force" title="Force">loads</a> from the structure to the ground. Foundations are generally considered either <a href="Shallow_foundation" title="Shallow foundation">shallow</a> or <a href="Deep_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep foundation">deep</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foundation engineering is the application of <a href="Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">soil mechanics</a> and <a href="Rock_mechanics" title="Rock mechanics">rock mechanics</a> (<a href="Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">geotechnical engineering</a>) in the design of foundation elements of structures.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2></div>

<p>Foundations provide the structure's stability from the ground:

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<ul><li>To distribute the weight of the structure over a large area in order to avoid overloading the underlying soil (possibly causing unequal settlement).</li>

<li>To anchor the structure against natural forces including <a href="Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">earthquakes</a>, <a href="Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Floods">floods</a>, <a href="Droughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Droughts">droughts</a>, frost heaves, tornadoes and wind.</li>

<li>To provide a level surface for construction.</li>

<li>To anchor the structure deeply into the ground, increasing its stability and preventing overloading.</li>

<li>To prevent lateral movements of the supported structure (in some cases).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements_of_a_good_foundation">Requirements of a good foundation</h2></div>

<p>The design and the construction of a well-performing foundation must possess some basic requirements:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li>The design and the construction of the foundation is done such that it can sustain as well as transmit the dead and the imposed loads to the soil. This transfer has to be carried out without resulting in any form of settlement that can cause stability issues for the structure.</li>

<li>Differential settlements can be avoided by having a rigid base for the foundation. These issues are more pronounced in areas where the superimposed loads are not uniform in nature.</li>

<li>Based on the soil and area it is recommended to have a deeper foundation so that it can guard any form of damage or distress. These are mainly caused due to the problem of shrinkage and swelling because of temperature changes.</li>

<li>The location of the foundation chosen must be an area that is not affected or influenced by future works or factors.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_types">Historic types</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earthfast_or_post_in_ground_construction">Earthfast or post in ground construction</h3></div>

<p>Buildings and structures have a long history of being built with wood in contact with the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Post_in_ground" title="Post in ground">Post in ground</a> construction may technically have no foundation. <a href="Timber_pilings" title="Timber pilings">Timber pilings</a> were used on soft or wet ground even below stone or masonry walls.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In marine construction and bridge building a crisscross of timbers or steel beams in concrete is called grillage.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Padstones">Padstones</h3></div>

<p>Perhaps the simplest foundation is the padstone, a single stone which both spreads the weight on the ground and raises the timber off the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Staddle_stones" title="Staddle stones">Staddle stones</a> are a specific type of padstone.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stone_foundations">Stone foundations</h3></div>

<p><a href="Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">Dry stone</a> and stones laid in <a href="Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> to build foundations are common in many parts of the world. Dry laid stone foundations may have been painted with mortar after construction. Sometimes the top, visible course of stone is hewn, quarried stones.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides using mortar, stones can also be put in a <a href="Gabion" title="Gabion">gabion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One disadvantage is that if using regular steel <a href="Rebar" title="Rebar">rebars</a>, the gabion would last much less long than when using mortar (due to rusting). Using <a href="Weathering_steel" title="Weathering steel">weathering steel</a> rebars could reduce this disadvantage somewhat.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rubble-trench_foundations">Rubble-trench foundations</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Rubble_trench_foundation" title="Rubble trench foundation">Rubble trench foundation</a></div>

<p>Rubble trench foundations are a shallow trench filled with rubble or stones. These foundations extend below the <a href="Frost_line" title="Frost line">frost line</a> and may have a drain pipe which helps groundwater drain away. They are suitable for soils with a capacity of more than 10 tonnes/m<sup>2</sup> (2,000 pounds per square foot).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery_of_shallow_foundation_types">Gallery of shallow foundation types</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Drawing of Poteaux-en-Terre <a href="Post_in_ground" title="Post in ground">post in ground</a> type of wall construction (this example technically called <a href="Pallisade" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallisade">pallisade</a> construction) in the Beauvais House in Ste Genevieve, Missouri</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">PSM V24 D321 A primitive <a href="Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">stilt house</a> in Switzerland on <a href="Wood_piling" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood piling">wood pilings</a>.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">A granary on <a href="Staddle_stones" title="Staddle stones">staddle stones</a>, a type of padstone</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Black Eagle Dam – cross-section of construction plans for 1892 structure</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Davis House dry-laid stone foundation ruin, Gardiner, NY</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">A basic type of rubble trench foundation</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Typical residential poured concrete foundation, except for the lack of <a href="Anchor_bolt" title="Anchor bolt">anchor bolts</a>. The concrete walls are supported on continuous footings. There is also a <a href="Concrete_slab" title="Concrete slab">concrete slab</a> floor. Note the standing water in the perimeter <a href="French_drain" title="French drain">French drain</a> trenches.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Modular_building" title="Modular building">Modular building</a> to be placed on the foundation</div>

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_types">Modern types</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shallow_foundations">Shallow foundations</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Shallow_foundation" title="Shallow foundation">Shallow foundation</a></div>

<p>Often called <i>footings</i>, are usually embedded about a meter or so into <a href="Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>. One common type is the spread footing which consists of strips or pads of concrete (or other materials) which extend below the <a href="Frost_line" title="Frost line">frost line</a> and transfer the weight from walls and columns to the soil or <a href="Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a>.

</p><p>Another common type of shallow foundation is the slab-on-grade foundation where the weight of the structure is transferred to the soil through a <a href="Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> slab placed at the surface. Slab-on-grade foundations can be reinforced mat slabs, which range from 25 cm to several meters thick, depending on the size of the building, or post-tensioned slabs, which are typically at least 20 cm for houses, and thicker for heavier structures.

</p><p>Another way to install ready-to-build foundations that is more environmentally friendly is to use <a href="Screw_piles" title="Screw piles">screw piles</a>. Screw pile installations have also extended to residential applications, with many homeowners choosing a screw pile foundation over other options. Some common applications for helical pile foundations include wooden decks, fences, garden houses, pergolas, and carports.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deep_foundations">Deep foundations</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Deep_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep foundation">Deep foundation</a></div>

<p>Used to transfer the load of a structure down through the upper weak layer of <a href="Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a> to the stronger layer of <a href="Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoil</a> below. There are different types of deep footings including impact driven piles, drilled shafts, <a href="Caisson_(engineering)" title="Caisson (engineering)">caissons</a>, <a href="Screw_piles" title="Screw piles">screw piles</a>, geo-piers and earth-stabilized columns. The naming conventions for different types of footings vary between different engineers. Historically, piles were <a href="Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, later <a href="Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a>, and <a href="Prestressed_concrete" title="Prestressed concrete">pre-tensioned concrete</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monopile_foundation">Monopile foundation</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Monopile_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Monopile foundation">Monopile foundation</a></div>

<p>A type of <a href="Deep_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep foundation">deep foundation</a> which uses a single, generally large-diameter, structural element embedded into the earth to support all the loads (weight, wind, etc.) of a large above-surface structure.

</p><p>Many monopile foundations<sup id="cite_ref-own20090909_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-own20090909-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been used in recent years for economically constructing <a href="Windfarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Windfarm">fixed-bottom</a> <a href="List_of_offshore_wind_farms" title="List of offshore wind farms">offshore wind farms</a> in shallow-water <a href="Subsea" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsea">subsea</a> locations.<sup id="cite_ref-hre_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hre-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

For example, a single <a href="Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farm</a> <a href="Lynn_and_Inner_Dowsing_Wind_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynn and Inner Dowsing Wind Farm">off the coast of England</a> went online in 2008 with over 100 turbines, each mounted on a 4.74-meter-diameter monopile footing in ocean depths up to 16 meters of water.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floating\barge">Floating\barge</h3></div>

<p>A floating foundation is one that sits on a body of water, rather than dry land. This type of foundation is used for some <a href="Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a> and floating buildings.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

<p>Foundations are designed to have an adequate load capacity depending on the type of subsoil/rock supporting the foundation by a <a href="Geotechnical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Geotechnical engineer">geotechnical engineer</a>, and the footing itself may be designed structurally by a <a href="Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">structural engineer</a>. The primary design concerns are <a href="Consolidation_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation (soil)">settlement</a> and <a href="Bearing_capacity" title="Bearing capacity">bearing capacity</a>. When considering settlement, total settlement and differential settlement is normally considered. Differential settlement is when one part of a foundation settles more than another part. This can cause problems to the structure which the foundation is supporting. <a href="Expansive_clay" title="Expansive clay">Expansive clay</a> soils can also cause problems.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Underpinning" title="Underpinning">Underpinning</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural settlement">Structural settlement</a></li>

<li><a href="Interference_of_the_footings" title="Interference of the footings">Interference of the footings</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFTerzaghiPeckMesri1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="Karl_von_Terzaghi" title="Karl von Terzaghi">Terzaghi, Karl</a>; <a href="Ralph_Brazelton_Peck" title="Ralph Brazelton Peck">Peck, Ralph Brazelton</a>; Mesri, Gholamreza (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bAwVvO71FXoC"><i>Soil mechanics in engineering practice</i></a> (3rd ed.), New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 386, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-471-08658-4</bdi></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVentura2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ventura, Pierfranco (2019). <i>Fondazioni</i> (in Italian). Milano: Hoepli. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9788820386443</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crabtree, Pam J.. Medieval archaeology: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland Pub., 2001. 113.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, Jay Dearborn, and Nicolas Verton. A Creole lexicon architecture, landscape, people. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004. 92.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholson, Peter. Practical Masonry, Bricklaying and Plastering, Both Plain and Ornamental. Thomas Kelly: London. 1838. 30–31.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beohar, Rakesh Ranjan. Basic Civil Engineering. 2005. 90. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>8170087937</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darvill, Timothy. The concise Oxford dictionary of archaeology. 6th ed. [i.e. 2nd ed. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2008. Padstone. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0199534047</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garvin, James L.. <i>A building history of northern New England</i>. Hanover: University Press of New England, 2001. 10. Print.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stones in gabion for foundation, done in Diez Casas Para Diez Familias (10x10)'s Casa Rosenda; see Design Like You Give a Damn 2 book by Kate Stohr</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-own20090909-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-own20090909_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://offshorewind.net/Other_Pages/Turbine-Foundations.html">Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100228021556/http://offshorewind.net/Other_Pages/Turbine-Foundations.html">Archived</a> 2010-02-28 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2009-09-09, accessed 2010-04-12.</span>

</li>

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hornsrev.dk/Engelsk/Opstillingen/uk-fundament.htm">Constructing a turbine foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521095525/http://www.hornsrev.dk/Engelsk/Opstillingen/uk-fundament.htm">Archived</a> 2011-05-21 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Horns Rev project, Elsam monopile foundation construction process, accessed 2010-04-12</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220065901/http://mth.com/Projects/Offshore/LynnInnerDowsing.aspx">"Lynn & Inner Dowsing Offshore Wind Farms"</a>. MT Højgaard. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mth.com/Projects/Offshore/LynnInnerDowsing.aspx">the original</a> on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Foundations_(architecture)" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Foundations (architecture)">Foundations (architecture)</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspeak.today/articles/13">Common examples of possible deformations of foundations arising from improper construction.</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Geotechnical_engineering316" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Offshore_geotechnical_engineering" title="Offshore geotechnical engineering">Offshore geotechnical engineering</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geotechnical_investigation" title="Geotechnical investigation">Investigation</a> <br>and<br>instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Field (<i>in situ</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33em;">

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Cone_penetration_test" title="Cone penetration test">Cone penetration test</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Geo-electrical sounding</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Permeability_(Earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (Earth sciences)">Permeability test</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Static_load_testing" title="Static load testing">Static</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_load_testing" title="Dynamic load testing">Dynamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Statnamic_load_test" title="Statnamic load test">Statnamic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Pore pressure measurement

<ul><li><a href="Piezometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezometer">Piezometer</a></li>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Ram sounding</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Rock control drilling</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Rotary-pressure_sounding" title="Rotary-pressure sounding">Rotary-pressure sounding</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Rotary weight sounding</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Soil_test#Soil_testing" title="Soil test">Sample series</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Screw plate test</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Deformation_monitoring" title="Deformation monitoring">Deformation monitoring</a>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Soil_consolidation" title="Soil consolidation">Settlement recordings</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Shear_vane_test" title="Shear vane test">Shear vane test</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Simple sounding</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Standard_penetration_test" title="Standard penetration test">Standard penetration test</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Total_sounding" title="Total sounding">Total sounding</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Trial_pit" title="Trial pit">Trial pit</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Visible bedrock</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Nuclear_densometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear densometer">Nuclear densometer test</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Exploration geophysics</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Crosshole_sonic_logging" title="Crosshole sonic logging">Crosshole sonic logging</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Pile_integrity_test" title="Pile integrity test">Pile integrity test</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Wave_equation_analysis" title="Wave equation analysis">Wave equation analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="Soil_test" title="Soil test">Laboratory <br>testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Soil_classification" title="Soil classification">Soil classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Atterberg_limits" title="Atterberg limits">Atterberg limits</a></li>

<li><a href="California_bearing_ratio" title="California bearing ratio">California bearing ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_shear_test" title="Direct shear test">Direct shear test</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer">Hydrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Proctor_compaction_test" title="Proctor compaction test">Proctor compaction test</a></li>

<li><a href="R-value_(soils)" title="R-value (soils)">R-value</a></li>

<li><a href="Sieve_analysis" title="Sieve analysis">Sieve analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Triaxial_shear_test" title="Triaxial shear test">Triaxial shear test</a></li>

<li><a href="Oedometer_test" title="Oedometer test">Oedometer test</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_conductivity#Experimental_approach" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity tests</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_content#Measurement" title="Water content">Water content tests</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Gravel" title="Gravel">Gravel</a></li>

<li><a href="Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hydraulic_conductivity" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_content" title="Water content">Water content</a></li>

<li><a href="Void_ratio" title="Void ratio">Void ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulk_density" title="Bulk density">Bulk density</a></li>

<li><a href="Thixotropy" title="Thixotropy">Thixotropy</a></li>

<li><a href="Reynolds'_dilatancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynolds' dilatancy">Reynolds' dilatancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Angle_of_repose" title="Angle of repose">Angle of repose</a></li>

<li><a href="Friction#Angle_of_friction" title="Friction">Friction angle</a></li>

<li><a href="Cohesion_(geology)" title="Cohesion (geology)">Cohesion</a></li>

<li><a href="Porosity" title="Porosity">Porosity</a></li>

<li><a href="Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">Permeability</a></li>

<li><a href="Specific_storage" title="Specific storage">Specific storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Shear_strength_(soil)" title="Shear strength (soil)">Shear strength</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Sensitivity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures <br>(<a href="Soil-structure_interaction" title="Soil-structure interaction">Interaction</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a></li>

<li><a href="Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a></li>

<li><a href="Terrain" title="Terrain">Terrain</a></li>

<li><a href="Topsoil" title="Topsoil">Topsoil</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li>

<li><a href="Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Bedrock</a></li>

<li><a href="Subgrade" title="Subgrade">Subgrade</a></li>

<li><a href="Subsoil" title="Subsoil">Subsoil</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">Earthworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Shoring structures

<ul><li><a href="Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">Retaining walls</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li>

<li><a href="Ground_freezing" title="Ground freezing">Ground freezing</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanically_stabilized_earth" title="Mechanically stabilized earth">Mechanically stabilized earth</a></li>

<li><a href="Pressure_grouting" title="Pressure grouting">Pressure grouting</a></li>

<li><a href="Slurry_wall" title="Slurry wall">Slurry wall</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_nailing" title="Soil nailing">Soil nailing</a></li>

<li><a href="Tieback_(geotechnical)" title="Tieback (geotechnical)">Tieback</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li>

<li><a href="Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li>

<li><a href="Digging" title="Digging">Excavation</a></li>

<li><a href="Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li>

<li><a href="Embankment_(earthworks)" title="Embankment (earthworks)">Embankment</a></li>

<li><a href="Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li>

<li><a href="Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunnel#Cut-and-cover" title="Tunnel">Cut-and-cover</a></li>

<li><a href="Grading_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grading (engineering)">Grading</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></li>

<li><a href="Track_bed" title="Track bed">Track bed</a></li>

<li><a href="Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_structure" title="Earth structure">Earth structure</a></li>

<li><a href="Expanded_clay_aggregate" title="Expanded clay aggregate">Expanded clay aggregate</a></li>

<li><a href="Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Geotextile" title="Geotextile">Geotextile</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomembrane" title="Geomembrane">Geomembrane</a></li>

<li><a href="Geosynthetic_clay_liner" title="Geosynthetic clay liner">Geosynthetic clay liner</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellular_confinement" title="Cellular confinement">Cellular confinement</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Shallow_foundation" title="Shallow foundation">Shallow</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">Mechanics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Effective_stress" title="Effective stress">Effective stress</a></li>

<li><a href="Pore_water_pressure" title="Pore water pressure">Pore water pressure</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateral_earth_pressure" title="Lateral earth pressure">Lateral earth pressure</a></li>

<li><a href="Overburden_pressure" title="Overburden pressure">Overburden pressure</a></li>

<li><a href="Preconsolidation_pressure" title="Preconsolidation pressure">Preconsolidation pressure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Phenomena/<br>problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Permafrost" title="Permafrost">Permafrost</a></li>

<li><a href="Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heaving</a></li>

<li><a href="Consolidation_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation (soil)">Consolidation</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_compaction" title="Soil compaction">Compaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a>

<ul><li><a href="Response_spectrum" title="Response spectrum">Response spectrum</a></li>

<li><a href="Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a></li>

<li><a href="S_wave" title="S wave">Shear wave</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslide</a> analysis

<ul><li><a href="Slope_stability_analysis" title="Slope stability analysis">Stability analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Landslide_mitigation" title="Landslide mitigation">Mitigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Landslide_classification" title="Landslide classification">Classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Sliding_criterion_(geotechnical_engineering)" title="Sliding criterion (geotechnical engineering)">Sliding criterion</a></li>

<li><a href="Road#Slab_stabilization" title="Road">Slab stabilisation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bearing_capacity" title="Bearing capacity">Bearing capacity</a> * <a href="Stress_distribution_in_soil" title="Stress distribution in soil">Stress distribution in soil</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software" title="Software">Numerical analysis <br>software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>STABL</li>

<li><a href="SVFlux" title="SVFlux">SVFlux</a></li>

<li><a href="SVSlope" title="SVSlope">SVSlope</a></li>

<li><a href="UTEXAS" title="UTEXAS">UTEXAS</a></li>

<li><a href="Plaxis" title="Plaxis">Plaxis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geoprofessions" title="Geoprofessions">Related fields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li>

<li><a href="Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_materials" title="Earth materials">Earth materials</a></li>

<li><a href="Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a>

<ul><li><a href="Agrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrology">Agrology</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house365" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house365" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Room" title="Room">Rooms</a> and spaces of a <a href="House" title="House">house</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Common_area" title="Common area">Shared rooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bonus_room" title="Bonus room">Bonus room</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_room" title="Common room">Common room</a></li>

<li><a href="Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_room" title="Family room">Family room</a></li>

<li><a href="Garret" title="Garret">Garret</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_room" title="Great room">Great room</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Keeping_room" title="Keeping room">Keeping room</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dirty_kitchen" title="Dirty kitchen">dirty kitchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchenette" title="Kitchenette">kitchenette</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Living_room" title="Living room">Living room</a></li>

<li><a href="Gynaeceum" title="Gynaeceum">Gynaeceum</a>

<ul><li><a href="Harem" title="Harem">harem</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Andron_(architecture)" title="Andron (architecture)">Andron</a>

<li><a href="Recreation_room" title="Recreation room">Recreation room</a>

<ul><li><a href="Billiard_room" title="Billiard room">billiard room</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shrine" title="Shrine">Shrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Study_(room)" title="Study (room)">Study</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunroom" title="Sunroom">Sunroom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bathroom" title="Bathroom">Bathroom</a>

<ul><li><a href="Toilet_(room)" title="Toilet (room)">toilet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bedroom" title="Bedroom">Bedroom</a> / Guest room

<ul><li><a href="Closet" title="Closet">closet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bedsit" title="Bedsit">Bedsit / Miniflat</a></li>

<li><a href="Boudoir" title="Boudoir">Boudoir</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabinet_(room)" title="Cabinet (room)">Cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Nursery_(room)" title="Nursery (room)">Nursery</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">Atrium</a></li>

<li><a href="Balcony" title="Balcony">Balcony</a></li>

<li><a href="Breezeway" title="Breezeway">Breezeway</a></li>

<li><a href="Conversation_pit" title="Conversation pit">Conversation pit</a></li>

<li><a href="Cubby-hole" title="Cubby-hole">Cubby-hole</a></li>

<li><a href="Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dumbwaiter" title="Dumbwaiter">dumbwaiter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Entryway" class="mw-redirect" title="Entryway">Entryway</a>/<a href="Genkan" title="Genkan">Genkan</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lobby_(room)" title="Lobby (room)">Foyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Hallway" title="Hallway">Hallway</a></li>

<li><a href="Inglenook" title="Inglenook">Inglenook</a></li>

<li><a href="Lanai_(architecture)" title="Lanai (architecture)">Lanai</a></li>

<li><a href="Loggia" title="Loggia">Loggia</a></li>

<li><a href="Overhang_(architecture)" title="Overhang (architecture)">Overhang</a></li>

<li><a href="Patio" title="Patio">Patio</a></li>

<li><a href="Porch" title="Porch">Porch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Screened_porch" title="Screened porch">screened</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleeping_porch" title="Sleeping porch">sleeping</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li>

<li><a href="Stairs" title="Stairs">Stairs</a>/<a href="Staircase" title="Staircase">Staircase</a></li>

<li><a href="Terrace_(building)" title="Terrace (building)">Terrace</a></li>

<li><a href="Veranda" title="Veranda">Veranda</a></li>

<li><a href="Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">Vestibule</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Technical_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical room">Technical</a>, <a href="Utility_room" title="Utility room">utility</a><br> and <a href="Storage_room" title="Storage room">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attic" title="Attic">Attic</a></li>

<li><a href="Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li>

<li><a href="Carport" title="Carport">Carport</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloakroom" title="Cloakroom">Cloakroom</a></li>

<li><a href="Closet" title="Closet">Closet</a></li>

<li><a href="Crawl_space" title="Crawl space">Crawl space</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_room" title="Electrical room">Electrical room</a></li>

<li><a href="Equipment_room" title="Equipment room">Equipment room</a></li>

<li><a href="Furnace_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace room">Furnace room</a> / <a href="Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Boiler room</a></li>

<li><a href="Garage_(residential)" title="Garage (residential)">Garage</a></li>

<li><a href="Cleaner" title="Cleaner">Janitorial closet</a></li>

<li><a href="Larder" title="Larder">Larder</a></li>

<li><a href="Laundry_room" title="Laundry room">Laundry room</a> / <a href="Utility_room" title="Utility room">Utility room</a> / <a href="Storage_room" title="Storage room">Storage room</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a> / <a href="Mechanical_floor" title="Mechanical floor">floor</a></li>

<li><a href="Pantry" title="Pantry">Pantry</a></li>

<li><a href="Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li>

<li><a href="Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a> / <a href="Safe_room" title="Safe room">Safe room</a></li>

<li><a href="Studio" title="Studio">Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="Wardrobe" title="Wardrobe">Wardrobe</a></li>

<li><a href="Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiring_closet" title="Wiring closet">Wiring closet</a></li>

<li><a href="Workshop" title="Workshop">Workshop</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Great_house" title="Great house">Great house</a> areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Antechamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Antechamber">Antechamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Ballroom" title="Ballroom">Ballroom</a></li>

<li>Kitchen-related

<ul><li><a href="Butler's_pantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Butler's pantry">butler's pantry</a></li>

<li><a href="Buttery_(room)" title="Buttery (room)">buttery</a></li>

<li><a href="Saucery" title="Saucery">saucery</a></li>

<li><a href="Scullery" title="Scullery">scullery</a></li>

<li><a href="Spicery" title="Spicery">spicery</a></li>

<li><a href="Still_room" title="Still room">still room</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Conservatory_(greenhouse)" title="Conservatory (greenhouse)">Conservatory</a> / <a href="Orangery" title="Orangery">Orangery</a></li>

<li><a href="Courtyard" title="Courtyard">Courtyard</a></li>

<li><a href="Drawing_room" title="Drawing room">Drawing room</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_chamber" title="Great chamber">Great chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_hall" title="Great hall">Great hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Library" title="Library">Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Long_gallery" title="Long gallery">Long gallery</a></li>

<li><a href="Lumber_room" title="Lumber room">Lumber room</a></li>

<li><a href="Parlour" title="Parlour">Parlour</a></li>

<li><a href="Sauna" title="Sauna">Sauna</a></li>

<li><a href="Servants'_hall" title="Servants' hall">Servants' hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Servants'_quarters" title="Servants' quarters">Servants' quarters</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoking_room" title="Smoking room">Smoking room</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_(room)" title="Solar (room)">Solar</a></li>

<li><a href="State_room" title="State room">State room</a></li>

<li><a href="Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">Swimming pool</a></li>

<li><a href="Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li>

<li><a href="Undercroft" title="Undercroft">Undercroft</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture</a></li>

<li><a href="Hidden_compartment" title="Hidden compartment">Hidden room</a></li>

<li><a href="House" title="House">House</a>

<ul><li><a href="House_plan" title="House plan">house plan</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_house_styles" title="List of house styles">styles</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Multi-family_residential" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-family residential">Multi-family residential</a></li>

<li><a href="Secondary_suite" title="Secondary suite">Secondary suite</a></li>

<li><a href="Duplex_(building)" title="Duplex (building)">Duplex</a></li>

<li><a href="Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">Terraced</a></li>

<li><a href="Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">Detached</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">Semi-detached</a></li>

<li><a href="Townhouse" title="Townhouse">Townhouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Studio_apartment" title="Studio apartment">Studio apartment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Architecture" title="Architecture">Architectural</a><br>elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Balconet" title="Balconet">Balconet</a></li>

<li><a href="Baluster" title="Baluster">Baluster</a></li>

<li><a href="Belt_course" title="Belt course">Belt course</a></li>

<li><a href="Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceiling" title="Ceiling">Ceiling</a></li>

<li><a href="Chimney" title="Chimney">Chimney</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonnade" title="Colonnade">Colonnade</a> / <a href="Portico" title="Portico">Portico</a></li>

<li><a href="Column" title="Column">Column</a></li>

<li><a href="Cornice" title="Cornice">Cornice</a> / <a href="Eaves" title="Eaves">Eaves</a></li>

<li><a href="Floor" title="Floor">Floor</a></li>

<li><a href="Gable" title="Gable">Gable</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Portal_(architecture)" title="Portal (architecture)">Portal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li>

<li><a href="Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Molding</a></li>

<li><a href="Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">Ornament</a></li>

<li><a href="Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Quoin" title="Quoin">Quoins</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Roof_shingle" title="Roof shingle">shingles</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">Roof lantern</a></li>

<li><a href="Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a>

<li><a href="Skylight" title="Skylight">Skylight</a></li>

<li><a href="Threshold_(architecture)" title="Threshold (architecture)">Threshold</a></li>

<li><a href="Transom_(architecture)" title="Transom (architecture)">Transom</a></li>

<li><a href="Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">Vault</a></li>

<li><a href="Window" title="Window">Window</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Backyard" title="Backyard">Backyard</a></li>

<li><a href="Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li>

<li><a href="Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front yard</a></li>

<li><a href="Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Garden</a>

<ul><li><a href="Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">roof garden</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Home_improvement" title="Home improvement">Home improvement</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_repair" title="Home repair">Home repair</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_house" title="Tree house">Tree house</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category: Rooms</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191360#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1566" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191360#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1566" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85051049">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fondations (construction)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931426h">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fondations (construction)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931426h">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566005">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="základové konstrukce"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127726&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548254605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637265">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/416d69e9-ff77-4eaa-9e6d-24fef42b4670">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-01-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Foundation_(engineering)&oldid=1270004077">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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